Qualitative exploration of the reasons for not using nutritional warnings after policy implementation in Uruguay.

Nutritional warnings have gained popularity, particularly in the region of the Americas, to facilitate the identification of products with excessive content of nutrients associated with non-communicable diseases and encourage healthier food choices. Although warnings have been shown to be effective, an in-depth understanding of the reasons why some consumers do not use them is still lacking. The aim of the present work was to explore self-reported use of nutritional warnings and to identify the reasons for not considering nutritional warnings for making food purchase decisions after policy implementation in Uruguay. A non-probabilistic sample of 858 Uruguayan participants was recruited using an advertisement on Facebook and Instagram. Through an online survey, self-reported use of nutritional warnings was asked using a closed-open ended questions. Participants who reported not considering warnings to make their purchase decisions were asked to explain the reasons why using an open-ended question. Responses were analysed using deductive coding, based on the Behavioural Drivers Model. Thirty seven percent of the participants stated that the warnings had not influenced their purchase decisions. Motives for not being influenced by the warnings were related to lack of interest, attitudes, lack of perceived self-efficacy, cognitive biases and limited rationality when making purchase decisions. In addition, structural barriers, such as availability, cost and trust in the food industry also emerged from participants' responses. Strategies to encourage the use of warnings should include communication campaigns and policies to address structural barriers related to the perceived availability and affordability of healthy foods.

[Excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages in Latin America and the CaribbeanImposto especial de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas na América Latina e no Caribe]. / Impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas en América Latina y el Caribe.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the design of excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Latin America and the Caribbean and assess opportunities to increase their impact on SSB consumption and health. METHODS: A comprehensive search and review of the legislation in effect as of March 2019, collected through existing Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization monitoring tools, secondary sources, and surveying ministries of finance. The analysis focused on the type of products taxed, and the structure and base of these excise taxes. RESULTS: Out of the 33 countries analyzed, 21 apply excise taxes on SSBs. Seven countries also apply excise taxes on bottled water and at least four include sugar-sweetened milk drinks. Ten of these excise taxes are ad valorem with some tax bases set early in the value chain, seven are amount-specific, and four have either a combined or mixed structure. Three countries apply excise taxes based on sugar concentration. CONCLUSIONS: While the number of countries applying excise taxes on SSBs is promising, there is great heterogeneity in design in terms of structure, tax base, and products taxed. Existing excise taxes could be further leveraged to improve their impact on SSB consumption and health by including all categories of SSBs, excluding bottled water, and relying more on amount-specific taxes regularly adjusted for inflation and possibly based on sugar concentration. All countries would benefit from additional guidance. Future research should aim to address this gap.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o modelo dos impostos especiais de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas na América Latina e no Caribe e avaliar oportunidades para aumentar o impacto desses impostos no consumo de bebidas açucaradas e na saúde. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se uma pesquisa ampla e a análise de legislações vigentes em março de 2019, com informações obtidas por meio de instrumentos de monitoramento da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) e da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) já existentes, fontes secundárias e levantamento junto aos ministérios da Fazenda. A análise centrou-se no tipo de produtos tributados e na estrutura e base desses impostos especiais de consumo. RESULTADOS: Dos 33 países analisados, 21 aplicam impostos especiais de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas. Em sete países os impostos especiais de consumo incidem também sobre água engarrafada e, em pelo menos quatro, incluem bebidas lácteas açucaradas. Dez desses tributos especiais são ad valorem com algumas bases tributárias estabelecidas no início da cadeia de valor, sete são de tipo específico e quatro têm uma estrutura combinada ou mista. Em três países os impostos especiais são estabelecidos com base na concentração de açúcares do produto. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar do número promissor de países com impostos especiais de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas, verifica-se grande heterogeneidade nos modelos de tributação em termos de estrutura, base tributária e produtos tributados. Os impostos especiais de consumo vigentes poderiam ser mais bem aproveitados para aumentar o impacto no consumo de bebidas açucaradas e na saúde: incluir todas as categorias de bebidas açucaradas, excluir água engarrafada e recorrer mais a impostos de tipo específico com a correção periódica pela inflação e, possivelmente, com base na concentração de açúcares do produto. Todos os países se beneficiariam em receber mais orientação. Pesquisas futuras devem ter como objetivo abordar essa lacuna.

Impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas en América Latina y el Caribe

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Caracterizar el diseño de los impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas en América Latina y el Caribe, y evaluar las oportunidades de aumentar su impacto en el consumo y la salud.Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda y una evaluación exhaustivas de legislaciones vigentes a marzo del 2019, recopiladas mediante las herramientas de seguimiento ya existentes de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud y de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, fuentes secundarias, así como mediante una encuesta a ministerios de finanzas. El análisis se centró en el tipo de productos gravados y la estructura y la base de estos impuestos selectivos.Resultados. De los 33 países evaluados, en 21 se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azu-caradas. En siete países también se aplican impuestos selectivos sobre el agua embotellada y en al menos cuatro, se aplican tales impuestos sobre las bebidas lácteas azucaradas. Diez de estos impuestos selectivos al consumo son de tipo ad valorem con algunas bases imponibles fijadas en las primeras etapas de la cadena de valor, siete son de tipo específico y cuatro son de estructura combinada o mixta. En tres países se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo en función de la concentración de azúcares del producto.Conclusiones. Si bien el número de países en que se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas es prometedor, existe una gran heterogeneidad en su diseño en cuanto a la estructura, la base imponible y los productos gravados. Se podrían aprovechar aún más los impuestos selectivos existentes para tener un mayor impacto sobre el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y la salud si se incluyeran todas las catego-rías de bebidas azucaradas, excluyendo el agua embotellada, y si se recurriera más a impuestos específicos ajustados regularmente según la inflación y basados posiblemente en la concentración de azúcares del pro-ducto. Todos los países se beneficiarían si hubiera mayor orientación. Futuras investigaciones deberían tener como objetivo abordar esta brecha.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To characterize the design of excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Latin America and the Caribbean and assess opportunities to increase their impact on SSB consumption and health.Methods. A comprehensive search and review of the legislation in effect as of March 2019, collected through existing Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization monitoring tools, secondary sour-ces, and surveying ministries of finance. The analysis focused on the type of products taxed, and the structure and base of these excise taxes.Results. Out of the 33 countries analyzed, 21 apply excise taxes on SSBs. Seven countries also apply excise taxes on bottled water and at least four include sugar-sweetened milk drinks. Ten of these excise taxes are ad valorem with some tax bases set early in the value chain, seven are amount-specific, and four have either a combined or mixed structure. Three countries apply excise taxes based on sugar concentration.Conclusions. While the number of countries applying excise taxes on SSBs is promising, there is great hete-rogeneity in design in terms of structure, tax base, and products taxed. Existing excise taxes could be further leveraged to improve their impact on SSB consumption and health by including all categories of SSBs, exclu-ding bottled water, and relying more on amount-specific taxes regularly adjusted for inflation and possibly based on sugar concentration. All countries would benefit from additional guidance. Future research should aim to address this gap.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Caracterizar o modelo dos impostos especiais de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas na América Latina e no Caribe e avaliar oportunidades para aumentar o impacto desses impostos no consumo de bebi-das açucaradas e na saúde.Métodos. Realizou-se uma pesquisa ampla e a análise de legislações vigentes em março de 2019, com informações obtidas por meio de instrumentos de monitoramento da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) e da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) já existentes, fontes secundárias e levantamento junto aos ministérios da Fazenda. A análise centrou-se no tipo de produtos tributados e na estrutura e base desses impostos especiais de consumo.Resultados. Dos 33 países analisados, 21 aplicam impostos especiais de consumo sobre bebidas açucara-das. Em sete países os impostos especiais de consumo incidem também sobre água engarrafada e, em pelo menos quatro, incluem bebidas lácteas açucaradas. Dez desses tributos especiais são ad valorem com algumas bases tributárias estabelecidas no início da cadeia de valor, sete são de tipo específico e quatro têm uma estrutura combinada ou mista. Em três países os impostos especiais são estabelecidos com base na concentração de açúcares do produto.Conclusões. Apesar do número promissor de países com impostos especiais de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas, verifica-se grande heterogeneidade nos modelos de tributação em termos de estrutura, base tributária e produtos tributados. Os impostos especiais de consumo vigentes poderiam ser mais bem aprove-itados para aumentar o impacto no consumo de bebidas açucaradas e na saúde: incluir todas as categorias de bebidas açucaradas, excluir água engarrafada e recorrer mais a impostos de tipo específico com a cor-reção periódica pela inflação e, possivelmente, com base na concentração de açúcares do produto. Todos os países se beneficiariam em receber mais orientação. Pesquisas futuras devem ter como objetivo abordar essa lacuna.

How do consumer characteristics influence responses to nutritional warnings?

ABSTRACT The aim of the present work was to explore the influence of consumer characteristics on purchase decisions when facing products with nutritional warnings a few days after their implementation in Uruguay. A non-probabilistic sample of 917 participants was obtained using an advertisement on social media. Participants were asked if they had seen the warning signs when making their food purchases and if they had seen the warnings on any product they intended to buy. Participants who answered affirmately (n= 616) were asked about their purchase decision by answering the question "What have you done with the product?" using the following response options: 'I purchased it anyway', 'I purchased a similar product with fewer excess signs', 'I purchased a similar product without excess signs', 'I didn't purchase the product or any similar one'. Univariate and multivariate multinomial logistic regression models were used to explore the influence of individual variables on participants' likelihood of having taken different decisions when facing a product with warnings. Results showed that participants older than 55 years were more likely to react to the warnings by purchasing a similar product with fewer warnings or by not purchasing any product. Likelihood of modifying purchase decisions due to the inclusion of the warnings was associated with a frequent consumption of natural and minimally processed foods and a low consumption frequency of ultra-processed products. These results provide insights to target efforts to promote the use of nutritional warnings in decision making.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente trabajo fue explorar la influencia de caraterísticas de los consumidores en sus decisiones de compra al enfrentar productos con advertencias nutricionales, unos días después de su implementación en Uruguay. Se obtuvo una muestra no probabilística de 917 participantes utilizando redes sociales. Se les preguntó a los participantes si habían visto las advertencias en un producto que tenían la intención de comprar. A los participantes que respondieron afirmativamente (n= 616) se les pidió qué indicarn qué habían hecho con el producto, utilizando las siguientes opciones de respuesta: 'Lo compré igual', 'Compré un producto similar con menos símbolos de exceso', 'Compré un producto similar sín símbolos de exceso' y 'No compré el producto ni tampoco otro similar. Los datos se analizaron utilizaron modelos de regresión multinomial univariados y multivariados. Los participantes mayores de 55 años presentaron una mayor probabilidad de reaccionar a las advertencias no comprando el producto. La probabilidad de modificar la decisión de compra debido a las advertencias estuvo asociada con una mayor frecuencia de consumo de alimentos naturales y mínimamente procesados y una menor frecuencia de consumo de productos ultra-procesados. Los resultados del presente trabajo sugieren que los esfuerzos para promover el uso de las advertencias en la toma de decisiones deben estar focalizados en los ciudadanos con el mayor consumo de productos ultra-procesados.

Excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages in Latin America and the Caribbean.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the design of excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Latin America and the Caribbean and assess opportunities to increase their impact on SSB consumption and health. METHODS: A comprehensive search and review of the legislation in effect as of March 2019, collected through existing Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization monitoring tools, secondary sources, and surveying ministries of finance. The analysis focused on the type of products taxed, and the structure and base of these excise taxes. RESULTS: Out of the 33 countries analyzed, 21 apply excise taxes on SSBs. Seven countries also apply excise taxes on bottled water and at least four include sugar-sweetened milk drinks. Ten of these excise taxes are ad valorem with some tax bases set early in the value chain, seven are amount-specific, and four have either a combined or mixed structure. Three countries apply excise taxes based on sugar concentration. CONCLUSIONS: While the number of countries applying excise taxes on SSBs is promising, there is great heterogeneity in design in terms of structure, tax base, and products taxed. Existing excise taxes could be further leveraged to improve their impact on SSB consumption and health by including all categories of SSBs, excluding bottled water, and relying more on amount-specific taxes regularly adjusted for inflation and possibly based on sugar concentration. All countries would benefit from additional guidance. Future research should aim to address this gap.

Excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages in Latin America and the Caribbean

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To characterize the design of excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Latin America and the Caribbean and assess opportunities to increase their impact on SSB consumption and health. Methods. A comprehensive search and review of the legislation in effect as of March 2019, collected through existing Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization monitoring tools, secondary sources, and surveying ministries of finance. The analysis focused on the type of products taxed, and the structure and base of these excise taxes. Results. Out of the 33 countries analyzed, 21 apply excise taxes on SSBs. Seven countries also apply excise taxes on bottled water and at least four include sugar-sweetened milk drinks. Ten of these excise taxes are ad valorem with some tax bases set early in the value chain, seven are amount-specific, and four have either a combined or mixed structure. Three countries apply excise taxes based on sugar concentration. Conclusions. While the number of countries applying excise taxes on SSBs is promising, there is great heterogeneity in design in terms of structure, tax base, and products taxed. Existing excise taxes could be further leveraged to improve their impact on SSB consumption and health by including all categories of SSBs, excluding bottled water, and relying more on amount-specific taxes regularly adjusted for inflation and possibly based on sugar concentration. All countries would benefit from additional guidance. Future research should aim to address this gap.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Caracterizar el diseño de los impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas en América Latina y el Caribe, y evaluar las oportunidades de aumentar su impacto en el consumo y la salud. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda y una evaluación exhaustivas de legislaciones vigentes a marzo del 2019, recopilada mediante las herramientas de seguimiento ya existentes de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud y de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, fuentes secundarias, así como mediante una encuesta a ministerios de finanzas. El análisis se centró en el tipo de productos gravados y la estructura y la base de estos impuestos selectivos. Resultados. De los 33 países evaluados, en 21 se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas. En siete países también se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo de agua embotellada y en al menos cuatro, se incluyen las bebidas lácteas azucaradas. Diez de estos impuestos selectivos al consumo son de tipo ad valorem con algunas bases imponibles fijadas al principio de la cadena de valor, siete son de tipo específico y cuatro son de estructura combinada o mixta. En tres países se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo en función de la concentración de azúcares del producto. Conclusiones. Si bien el número de países en que se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas es prometedor, existe una gran heterogeneidad en su diseño en cuanto a la estructura, la base imponible y los productos gravados. Se podrían aprovechar aún más los impuestos selectivos existentes a fin de que tengan un mayor impacto sobre la salud y el consumo si se incluyen todas las categorías de bebidas azucaradas, excluyendo el agua embotellada, y recurriendo más a impuestos de tipo específico ajustados frecuentemente según la inflación y basados posiblemente en la concentración de azúcares del producto. Todos los países se beneficiarían si hubiera mayor orientación. Las próximas investigaciones deberían abordar esta brecha.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Caracterizar o modelo dos impostos especiais de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas na América Latina e no Caribe e avaliar oportunidades para aumentar o impacto desses impostos no consumo de bebidas açucaradas e na saúde. Métodos. Realizou-se uma pesquisa ampla e a análise de legislações vigentes em março de 2019, com informações obtidas por meio de instrumentos de monitoramento da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) e da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) já existentes, fontes secundárias e levantamento junto aos ministérios da Fazenda. A análise centrou-se no tipo de produtos tributados e na estrutura e base desses impostos especiais de consumo. Resultados. Dos 33 países analisados, 21 aplicam impostos especiais de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas. Em sete países os impostos especiais de consumo incidem também sobre água engarrafada e, em pelo menos quatro, incluem bebidas lácteas açucaradas. Dez desses tributos especiais são ad valorem com algumas bases tributárias estabelecidas no início da cadeia de valor, sete são de tipo específico e quatro têm uma estrutura combinada ou mista. Em três países os impostos especiais são estabelecidos com base na concentração de açúcares do produto. Conclusões. Apesar do número promissor de países com impostos especiais de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas, verifica-se grande heterogeneidade nos modelos de tributação em termos de estrutura, base tributária e produtos tributados. Os impostos especiais de consumo vigentes poderiam ser mais bem aproveitados para aumentar o impacto no consumo de bebidas açucaradas e na saúde: incluir todas as categorias de bebidas açucaradas, excluir água engarrafada e recorrer mais a impostos de tipo específico com a correção periódica pela inflação e, possivelmente, com base na concentração de açúcares do produto. Todos os países se beneficiariam em receber mais orientação. Pesquisas futuras devem ter como objetivo abordar essa lacuna.

Immediate effects of the implementation of nutritional warnings in Uruguay: awareness, self-reported use and increased understanding.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of nutritional warnings during the first month after the date of full compliance by the food industry in Uruguay in terms of citizen awareness, self-reported use and ability to understand nutritional information. DESIGN: The present work encompassed two online studies, conducted before (Study 1) and during the first month after the date of full compliance by the food industry (Study 2). An after-only design was used to assess awareness of the policy, exposure to nutritional warnings on food packages and self-reported use of warnings for making purchase decisions in Study 2. An after-only with control group experimental design was used to assess the effect of nutritional warnings on understanding of nutrition information in Studies 1 and 2. SETTING: Uruguay, one of the Latin American countries, that has recently implemented nutritional warnings. PARTICIPANTS: A non-probabilistic sample of 1772 participants was recruited using Facebook advertisements targeted at Uruguayan adult users. RESULTS: High awareness and self-reported use of nutritional warnings during the first month after the date of full compliance in Uruguay were observed. In addition, the before and after comparison showed that the implementation of warnings increased citizens' ability to use nutritional information to compare products and to identify products with excessive content of sugar, fat, saturated fat and sodium. CONCLUSIONS: The current study confirms results from experimental studies and provides additional evidence to support the implementation of nutritional warnings as one of the public policies that can contribute to tackle obesity and non-communicable diseases.

Excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages in Latin America and the Caribbean / Impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas en América Latina y el Caribe / Imposto especial de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas na América Latina e no Caribe

ABSTRACT Objective. To characterize the design of excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Latin America and the Caribbean and assess opportunities to increase their impact on SSB consumption and health. Methods. A comprehensive search and review of the legislation in effect as of March 2019, collected through existing Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization monitoring tools, secondary sources, and surveying ministries of finance. The analysis focused on the type of products taxed, and the structure and base of these excise taxes. Results. Out of the 33 countries analyzed, 21 apply excise taxes on SSBs. Seven countries also apply excise taxes on bottled water and at least four include sugar-sweetened milk drinks. Ten of these excise taxes are ad valorem with some tax bases set early in the value chain, seven are amount-specific, and four have either a combined or mixed structure. Three countries apply excise taxes based on sugar concentration. Conclusions. While the number of countries applying excise taxes on SSBs is promising, there is great heterogeneity in design in terms of structure, tax base, and products taxed. Existing excise taxes could be further leveraged to improve their impact on SSB consumption and health by including all categories of SSBs, excluding bottled water, and relying more on amount-specific taxes regularly adjusted for inflation and possibly based on sugar concentration. All countries would benefit from additional guidance. Future research should aim to address this gap.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Caracterizar el diseño de los impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas en América Latina y el Caribe, y evaluar las oportunidades de aumentar su impacto en el consumo y la salud. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda y una evaluación exhaustivas de legislaciones vigentes a marzo del 2019, recopilada mediante las herramientas de seguimiento ya existentes de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud y de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, fuentes secundarias, así como mediante una encuesta a ministerios de finanzas. El análisis se centró en el tipo de productos gravados y la estructura y la base de estos impuestos selectivos. Resultados. De los 33 países evaluados, en 21 se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas. En siete países también se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo de agua embotellada y en al menos cuatro, se incluyen las bebidas lácteas azucaradas. Diez de estos impuestos selectivos al consumo son de tipo ad valorem con algunas bases imponibles fijadas al principio de la cadena de valor, siete son de tipo específico y cuatro son de estructura combinada o mixta. En tres países se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo en función de la concentración de azúcares del producto. Conclusiones. Si bien el número de países en que se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas es prometedor, existe una gran heterogeneidad en su diseño en cuanto a la estructura, la base imponible y los productos gravados. Se podrían aprovechar aún más los impuestos selectivos existentes a fin de que tengan un mayor impacto sobre la salud y el consumo si se incluyen todas las categorías de bebidas azucaradas, excluyendo el agua embotellada, y recurriendo más a impuestos de tipo específico ajustados frecuentemente según la inflación y basados posiblemente en la concentración de azúcares del producto. Todos los países se beneficiarían si hubiera mayor orientación. Las próximas investigaciones deberían abordar esta brecha.

RESUMO Objetivo. Caracterizar o modelo dos impostos especiais de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas na América Latina e no Caribe e avaliar oportunidades para aumentar o impacto desses impostos no consumo de bebidas açucaradas e na saúde. Métodos. Realizou-se uma pesquisa ampla e a análise de legislações vigentes em março de 2019, com informações obtidas por meio de instrumentos de monitoramento da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) e da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) já existentes, fontes secundárias e levantamento junto aos ministérios da Fazenda. A análise centrou-se no tipo de produtos tributados e na estrutura e base desses impostos especiais de consumo. Resultados. Dos 33 países analisados, 21 aplicam impostos especiais de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas. Em sete países os impostos especiais de consumo incidem também sobre água engarrafada e, em pelo menos quatro, incluem bebidas lácteas açucaradas. Dez desses tributos especiais são ad valorem com algumas bases tributárias estabelecidas no início da cadeia de valor, sete são de tipo específico e quatro têm uma estrutura combinada ou mista. Em três países os impostos especiais são estabelecidos com base na concentração de açúcares do produto. Conclusões. Apesar do número promissor de países com impostos especiais de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas, verifica-se grande heterogeneidade nos modelos de tributação em termos de estrutura, base tributária e produtos tributados. Os impostos especiais de consumo vigentes poderiam ser mais bem aproveitados para aumentar o impacto no consumo de bebidas açucaradas e na saúde: incluir todas as categorias de bebidas açucaradas, excluir água engarrafada e recorrer mais a impostos de tipo específico com a correção periódica pela inflação e, possivelmente, com base na concentração de açúcares do produto. Todos os países se beneficiariam em receber mais orientação. Pesquisas futuras devem ter como objetivo abordar essa lacuna.

Consultoría de enfermería: identificación de los requisitos universales de autocuidado en estudiantes de una licenciatura en enfermería / Nursing consulting: identification of universal self-care requirements in nursing undergraduate students

Resumen

Introducción: un compromiso de las universidades es fomentar la adopción de capacidades de auto-cuidado que permitan a los individuos tomar decisiones eficazmente en torno al manejo de su salud.

Objetivo: describir los requisitos universales de autocuidado de los estudiantes de la Licenciatura de Enfermería identificados en la consultoría de enfermería.

Métodos: estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, exploratorio, prospectivo y transversal que incluyó una muestra por conveniencia de 61 estudiantes de una licenciatura en enfermería. Se aplicó un instrumento de valoración basado en la teoría de Orem, con el que se identificaron los requisitos universales por medio de la consultoría de enfermería. Se analizó la información en SPSS y se aplicó estadística descriptiva.

Resultados: los requisitos universales identificados fueron: Ingesta de alimentos por colesterol alto en 67.2%, triglicéridos altos 59%; 50.8% presentaron colitis y gastritis, 26.2% obesidad y sobrepeso. En Actividad y descanso, 79.2% presentaron sedentarismo. En Prevención de peligros para la vida, 50.8% nunca ha asistido a consulta de enfoque sexual, 11% ha sido diagnosticado por infección de transmisión sexual.

Conclusión: Se detectaron alteraciones en los Requisitos universales de ingesta de alimento, Eliminación-excreción, Actividad-descanso y Prevención de peligros para la vida, que son limitantes para el autocuidado de los estudiantes de enfermería y pueden dar paso a enfermedades degenerativas.

Abstract

Introduction: One of the commitments of the universities is to promote the adoption of self-care capacities that allow individuals to make effective decisions about their health management. Objective: To describe the universal self-care requirements of the students of a bachelor of nursing identified in the nursing consultancy.

Methods: Quantitative, descriptive, exploratory, prospective and transversal study, which included a sampling for convenience of 61 students of a bachelor of nursing. An asessment instrument based on Orem was applied, identifying the universal requirements through the nursing consultancy. The information was analyzed in SPSS applying descriptive statistics.

Results: The universal requirements identified were: food intake for high cholesterol in 67.2%, high triglycerides 59%, 50.8% had colitis and gastritis, 26.2% were obese and overweight. In Activity and rest, 79.2% were sedentary. In Prevention of life-threatening dangers, 50.8% have never attended a sexual approach and 11% have been diagnosed for sexually transmitted infections.

Conclusion: Alterations were detected in the Universal requirements of food intake, Elimination-excretion, Activity-rest and Prevention of life-threatening dangers, which are limiting to the self-care of nursing students and that could evolve in chronic degenerative diseases.

qPCR and HRM-based diagnosis of SNPs on growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), a gene associated with sheep (Ovis aries) prolificacy.

Prolificacy is a desirable trait for genetic improvement of sheep flocks, since it holds the potential to improve productivity. Animals carrying single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes associated with this trait can be identified and employed to increase prolificacy in flocks. In this study, we report a diagnostic method based on quantitative PCR and high-resolution melting curves to detect different SNPs in the prolificacy-associated gene growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9). The diagnostic method was validated using artificial sequences representing known SNPs in GDF9, then applied to a real flock comprising four breeds and admixed animals (n = 306). Five different SNPs were identified in this flock, as was a low or null frequency of occurrence of SNPs positively associated with prolificacy. This indicates a need to implement a breeding strategy for recovering or reintroducing such SNPs. Our method provides a genotyping strategy for identifying individuals with SNPs of interest for prolificacy, which will help producers plan a breeding strategy for this trait. This method can be adapted and expanded for the diagnosis of other traits of interest.

Nutrition situation in Latin America and the Caribbean: current scenario, past trends, and data gaps.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the current nutritional status in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and identify data gaps and trends in nutrition surveillance. METHODS: A systematic Internet search was conducted to identify official sources that allowed for monitoring of LAC countries' nutritional status, including progress toward World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets 2025. Reports from national nutrition surveillance systems and reports on nationally representative surveys were collected and collated to 1) analyze nutritional status, based on life-course anthropometric indicators and biomarkers, and 2) identify gaps in data availability and trends in nutritional deficiencies. Information on iron, vitamin A, iodine, folate, and vitamin B12 deficiency was also collected and collated. RESULTS: Twenty-two of the 46 LAC countries/territories (48%) had information on undernutrition (stunting, underweight, and wasting) in children under 5 years old and women of reproductive age (WRA). Seventeen countries (38%) had information on anemia in children under 5 years old and WRA, and 12 (27%) had information on anemia in pregnant women. Although overall nutritional status has improved in the past few decades in all countries in the region, some LAC countries still had a high prevalence of stunting and anemia in children and WRA. Overweight affected at least 50% of WRA in nine countries with available data, and was increasing in children. Data for school-age children, adolescents, adult males, and older adults were scarce in the region. CONCLUSIONS: Overall nutritional status has improved in the LAC countries with available information, but more efforts are needed to scale up nutrition-sensitive and nutrition-specific interventions to tackle malnutrition in all its forms, as stunting, anemia, and vitamin A deficiency are still a public health problem in many countries, and overweight is an epidemic. Nutrition information systems are weak in the region, and countries need to strengthen their capacity to monitor nutritional status indicators.

Mapping of nutrition and sectoral policies addressing malnutrition in Latin America.

OBJECTIVE: To map existing policies addressing malnutrition in all its forms in Latin America and identify gaps in enabling environments supporting the five priority lines of action outlined in the World Health Organization Comprehensive Implementation Plan on Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition (CIP) approved in 2014. METHODS: This descriptive study consisted of a systematic Internet search for and mapping of publicly available nutrition-related and sectoral policies already in place to address malnutrition in all its forms in 18 Latin American countries (Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay). The policies were described in documents retrieved from the websites of ministries of health, education, agriculture, labor, and development; the national congress; and other government agencies. RESULTS: All 18 countries had relevant policies to address malnutrition, especially undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, but only a few had policies to address overweight and obesity. Nutrition actions were incorporated in food and nutrition security and social protection policies in all 18 countries, and were part of education, environment, agricultural, development, and/or employment policies in some countries. Information on human and financial resources assigned to nutrition was not available through the search strategies used in the study. CONCLUSIONS: All 18 countries included in this review had established enabling environments to support CIP implementation. However, each of the 18 countries needs to develop integrated policies for the promotion of nutrition and prevention of noncommunicable diseases through cross-sector involvement and multi-stakeholder collaboration.

Tackling malnutrition in Latin America and the Caribbean: challenges and opportunities.

Undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are still a public health problem in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and overweight and obesity have reached epidemic proportions. To assess the nutrition landscape in LAC countries and guide future nutrition efforts and investments, the Pan American Health Organization and the Micronutrient Initiative joined efforts to 1) identify information gaps and describe the current nutritional situation in the region; 2) map existing policies to address malnutrition in Latin America; 3) describe the impact of conditional cash transfer programs (CCTs) on nutrition and health outcomes; and 4) identify the challenges and opportunities to address malnutrition in the region. This article summarizes the methods and key findings from that research and describes the current challenges and opportunities in addressing malnutrition in the LAC region. LAC countries have advanced in reducing undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, but important gaps in information are a major concern. These countries have policies to address undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, but comprehensive and intersectoral policies to tackle obesity are lacking. CCTs in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico have been reported to have a positive impact on child nutrition and health outcomes, providing an opportunity to integrate nutrition actions in intersectoral platforms. The current epidemiological situation and policy options offer an opportunity for countries, technical agencies, donors, and other stakeholders to jointly scale up nutrition actions. This can support the development of comprehensive and intersectoral policies to tackle the double burden of malnutrition, strengthen national nutrition surveillance systems, incorporate monitoring and evaluation as systematic components of policies and programs, document and increase investments in nutrition, and assess the effectiveness of such policies to support political commitment and guarantee sustainability.

Tackling malnutrition in Latin America and the Caribbean: challenges and opportunities / La lucha contra la malnutrición en América Latina y el Caribe: retos y oportunidades

Undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are still a public health problem in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and overweight and obesity have reached epidemic proportions. To assess the nutrition landscape in LAC countries and guide future nutrition efforts and investments, the Pan American Health Organization and the Micronutrient Initiative joined efforts to 1) identify information gaps and describe the current nutritional situation in the region; 2) map existing policies to address malnutrition in Latin America; 3) describe the impact of conditional cash transfer programs (CCTs) on nutrition and health outcomes; and 4) identify the challenges and opportunities to address malnutrition in the region. This article summarizes the methods and key findings from that research and describes the current challenges and opportunities in addressing malnutrition in the LAC region. LAC countries have advanced in reducing undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, but important gaps in information are a major concern. These countries have policies to address undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, but comprehensive and intersectoral policies to tackle obesity are lacking. CCTs in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico have been reported to have a positive impact on child nutrition and health outcomes, providing an opportunity to integrate nutrition actions in intersectoral platforms. The current epidemiological situation and policy options offer an opportunity for countries, technical agencies, donors, and other stakeholders to jointly scale up nutrition actions. This can support the development of comprehensive and intersectoral policies to tackle the double burden of malnutrition, strengthen national nutrition surveillance systems, incorporate monitoring and evaluation as systematic components of policies and programs, document and increase investments in nutrition, and assess the effectiveness of such policies to support political commitment and guarantee sustainability.

La desnutrición y las carencias de micronutrientes siguen siendo un problema de salud pública en América Latina y el Caribe y el sobrepeso y la obesidad han alcanzado proporciones epidémicas. Para evaluar el panorama nutricional en los países de América Latina y el Caribe y marcar el rumbo de futuras iniciativas e inversiones en el área de la nutrición, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud y la Iniciativa de Micronutrientes aunaron esfuerzos a fin de a) identificar brechas de información y describir la situación nutricional actual en la Región; b) mapear las políticas existentes para combatir la malnutrición en América Latina; c) describir los efectos que tienen los programas de transferencias de efectivo condicionadas sobre la nutrición y la salud; y d) determinar los retos y oportunidades que encierra la lucha contra la malnutrición en la Región. En el presente artículo se resumen los métodos usados en esa investigación y sus principales resultados, y se describen los retos y oportunidades que plantea actualmente la lucha contra la malnutrición en América Latina y el Caribe. Los países de la Región han avanzado en sus esfuerzos por reducir la desnutrición y las carencias de micronutrientes, pero hay grandes lagunas de información que constituyen un problema serio. Dichos países tienen políticas dirigidas a combatir la desnutrición y las carencias de micronutrientes, pero no tienen políticas integrales e intersectoriales para hacer frente al problema de la obesidad. Se ha señalado que en Brasil, Colombia y México las transferencias monetarias condicionadas tienen un efecto beneficioso sobre el estado nutricional y de salud del niño, lo que representa una oportunidad para integrar intervenciones nutricionales en las plataformas intersectoriales. La situación epidemiológica y las opciones normativas del momento actual brindan a los países, a los organismos técnicos, a los donantes y a otros interesados directos la oportunidad de ampliar, en conjunto, el alcance de las medidas en materia de nutrición. Esto puede estimular la formulación de políticas integrales e intersectoriales para combatir la doble carga de malnutrición, fortalecer los sistemas nacionales de vigilancia nutricional, incorporar el seguimiento y la evaluación como componentes sistemáticos de las políticas y programas, documentar e incrementar la inversión en el área de la nutrición y evaluar la eficacia de estas políticas para fomentar el compromiso político y garantizar la sostenibilidad.

Mapping of nutrition and sectoral policies addressing malnutrition in Latin America / Mapeo de las políticas alimentarias y sectoriales orientadas a combatir la malnutrición en América Latina

Objective. To map existing policies addressing malnutrition in all its forms in Latin America and identify gaps in enabling environments supporting the five priority lines of action outlined in the World Health Organization Comprehensive Implementation Plan on Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition (CIP) approved in 2014. Methods. This descriptive study consisted of a systematic Internet search for and mapping of publicly available nutrition-related and sectoral policies already in place to address malnutrition in all its forms in 18 Latin American countries (Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay). The policies were described in documents retrieved from the websites of ministries of health, education, agriculture, labor, and development; the national congress; and other government agencies. Results. All 18 countries had relevant policies to address malnutrition, especially undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, but only a few had policies to address overweight and obesity. Nutrition actions were incorporated in food and nutrition security and social protection policies in all 18 countries, and were part of education, environment, agricultural, development, and/or employment policies in some countries. Information on human and financial resources assigned to nutrition was not available through the search strategies used in the study. Conclusions. All 18 countries included in this review had established enabling environments to support CIP implementation. However, each of the 18 countries needs to develop integrated policies for the promotion of nutrition and prevention of noncommunicable diseases through cross-sector involvement and multi-stakeholder collaboration.

Objetivo. Hacer un mapeo de las políticas que existen para combatir la malnutrición en todas sus formas en América Latina y encontrar las brechas que pueda haber en los ambientes propicios para la aplicación de las cinco líneas de acción prioritarias descritas en el Plan de aplicación integral sobre nutrición materna, del lactante y del niño pequeño de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, aprobado en el 2014. Métodos. El presente estudio descriptivo consistió en una búsqueda sistemática de la Internet y en un mapeo de las políticas nutricionales y sectoriales a disposición del público que ya se han adoptado para combatir el problema de la malnutrición en todas sus formas en 18 países latinoamericanos (Argentina, Belice, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, República Dominicana y Uruguay). Las políticas estaban descritas en diversos documentos que se obtuvieron de los sitios web de los ministerios de salud, educación, agricultura y ganadería, trabajo y desarrollo; del congreso nacional; y de otras dependencias gubernamentales. Resultados. Los 18 países tenían políticas para combatir la malnutrición, especialmente la desnutrición y las carencias de micronutrientes, pero solo unos cuantos tenían políticas relativas al sobrepeso y la obesidad. Diversas medidas de tipo alimentario estaban incorporadas en las políticas de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional y en las de protección social en los 18 países, y en algunos países formaban parte de las políticas educativas, medioambientales, agropecuarias, de desarrollo y laborales. No se encontró ninguna información acerca de los recursos humanos y económicos asignados al área de la nutrición mediante las estrategias de búsqueda que se usaron en el estudio. Conclusiones. Los 18 países incluidos en esta revisión habían creado ambientes propicios para la puesta en práctica del Plan de aplicación integral sobre nutrición materna, del lactante y del niño pequeño. Sin embargo, cada uno de ellos tiene que formular políticas integradas para la promoción de la buena nutrición y la prevención de las enfermedades no transmisibles mediante la participación intersectorial y la colaboración entre los diversos interesados directos.

Nutrition situation in Latin America and the Caribbean: current scenario, past trends, and data gaps / Situación nutricional en América Latina y el Caribe: panorama actual, tendencias y brechas en la información

Objective. To determine the current nutritional status in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and identify data gaps and trends in nutrition surveillance. Methods. A systematic Internet search was conducted to identify official sources that allowed for monitoring of LAC countries’ nutritional status, including progress toward World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets 2025. Reports from national nutrition surveillance systems and reports on nationally representative surveys were collected and collated to 1) analyze nutritional status, based on life-course anthropometric indicators and biomarkers, and 2) identify gaps in data availability and trends in nutritional deficiencies. Information on iron, vitamin A, iodine, folate, and vitamin B12 deficiency was also collected and collated. Results. Twenty-two of the 46 LAC countries/territories (48%) had information on undernutrition (stunting, underweight, and wasting) in children under 5 years old and women of reproductive age (WRA). Seventeen countries (38%) had information on anemia in children under 5 years old and WRA, and 12 (27%) had information on anemia in pregnant women. Although overall nutritional status has improved in the past few decades in all countries in the region, some LAC countries still had a high prevalence of stunting and anemia in children and WRA. Overweight affected at least 50% of WRA in nine countries with available data, and was increasing in children. Data for school-age children, adolescents, adult males, and older adults were scarce in the region. Conclusions. Overall nutritional status has improved in the LAC countries with available information, but more efforts are needed to scale up nutrition-sensitive and nutrition-specific interventions to tackle malnutrition in all its forms, as stunting, anemia, and vitamin A deficiency are still a public health problem in many countries, and overweight is an epidemic. Nutrition information systems are weak in the region, and countries need to strengthen their capacity to monitor nutritional status indicators.

Objetivo. Determinar la situación actual de las carencias nutricionales en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) e identificar las deficiencias en los datos y el curso actual de la vigilancia en materia de nutrición. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la internet para encontrar fuentes oficiales dedicadas a observar la evolución de la situación nutricional de los países de América Latina y el Caribe, incluidos los avances en relación con las metas mundiales de nutrición fijadas por la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud para el 2025. Se recopilaron y compaginaron los informes de diferentes sistemas de vigilancia nutricional nacionales y de encuestas representativas de alcance nacional con el fin de: (1) analizar la situación nutricional con respecto a indicadores antropométricos y marcadores biológicos para todas las etapas de la vida y (2) detectar brechas en la disponibilidad de datos y observar la evolución de las carencias nutricionales. También se recopiló y compaginó información relativa a la carencia de hierro, vitamina A, yodo, folato y vitamina B12. Resultados. Veintidós países de América Latina y el Caribe (48%) contaban con información acerca de la desnutrición (retraso del crecimiento, peso inferior al normal y emaciación) en niños menores de 5 años de edad, niños en edad escolar, adolescentes y mujeres en edad fecunda (MEF). Diecisiete países (38%) tenían información sobre la anemia en niños menores de 5 años; 12 (27%) la tenían sobre la anemia en MEF. Aunque la situación nutricional en general ha mejorado en los últimos decenios en todos los países de la Región, algunos países de América Latina y el Caribe siguen teniendo una alta prevalencia de retraso del crecimiento y anemia en niños y MEF. El sobrepeso afectaba a por lo menos 50% de las MEF en nueve de los países que poseían datos y estaba aumentando en los niños. En la Región hay pocos datos relativos a los niños en edad escolar, los adolescentes, los hombres adultos y las personas de edad. Conclusiones. La situación nutricional en general ha mejorado en los países de América Latina y el Caribe para los cuales se cuenta con información, pero hay que tomar más medidas para incrementar las intervenciones relacionadas de manera tangencial o directa con la nutrición a fin de combatir la desnutrición en todas sus manifestaciones, habida cuenta de que el retraso del crecimiento, la anemia y la carencia de vitamina A siguen siendo problemas de salud pública en muchos países y que el sobrepeso constituye una epidemia. Los sistemas de información nutricional de la Región son pobres y los países tienen que fortalecer su capacidad para vigilar los indicadores de la situación nutricional.

Nutrition situation in Latin America and the Caribbean: current scenario, past trends, and data gaps / Situación nutricional en América Latina y el Caribe: panorama actual, tendencias y brechas en la información

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the current nutritional status in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and identify data gaps and trends in nutrition surveillance. Methods A systematic Internet search was conducted to identify official sources that allowed for monitoring of LAC countries’ nutritional status, including progress toward World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets 2025. Reports from national nutrition surveillance systems and reports on nationally representative surveys were collected and collated to 1) analyze nutritional status, based on life-course anthropometric indicators and biomarkers, and 2) identify gaps in data availability and trends in nutritional deficiencies. Information on iron, vitamin A, iodine, folate, and vitamin B12 deficiency was also collected and collated. Results Twenty-two of the 46 LAC countries/territories (48%) had information on undernutrition (stunting, underweight, and wasting) in children under 5 years old and women of reproductive age (WRA). Seventeen countries (38%) had information on anemia in children under 5 years old and WRA, and 12 (27%) had information on anemia in pregnant women. Although overall nutritional status has improved in the past few decades in all countries in the region, some LAC countries still had a high prevalence of stunting and anemia in children and WRA. Overweight affected at least 50% of WRA in nine countries with available data, and was increasing in children. Data for school-age children, adolescents, adult males, and older adults were scarce in the region. Conclusions Overall nutritional status has improved in the LAC countries with available information, but more efforts are needed to scale up nutrition-sensitive and nutrition-specific interventions to tackle malnutrition in all its forms, as stunting, anemia, and vitamin A deficiency are still a public health problem in many countries, and overweight is an epidemic. Nutrition information systems are weak in the region, and countries need to strengthen their capacity to monitor nutritional status indicators.

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar la situación actual de las carencias nutricionales en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) e identificar las deficiencias en los datos y el curso actual de la vigilancia en materia de nutrición. Métodos Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la internet para encontrar fuentes oficiales dedicadas a observar la evolución de la situación nutricional de los países de América Latina y el Caribe, incluidos los avances en relación con las metas mundiales de nutrición fijadas por la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud para el 2025. Se recopilaron y compaginaron los informes de diferentes sistemas de vigilancia nutricional nacionales y de encuestas representativas de alcance nacional con el fin de: (1) analizar la situación nutricional con respecto a indicadores antropométricos y marcadores biológicos para todas las etapas de la vida y (2) detectar brechas en la disponibilidad de datos y observar la evolución de las carencias nutricionales. También se recopiló y compaginó información relativa a la carencia de hierro, vitamina A, yodo, folato y vitamina B12. Resultados Veintidós países de América Latina y el Caribe (48%) contaban con información acerca de la desnutrición (retraso del crecimiento, peso inferior al normal y emaciación) en niños menores de 5 años de edad, niños en edad escolar, adolescentes y mujeres en edad fecunda (MEF). Diecisiete países (38%) tenían información sobre la anemia en niños menores de 5 años; 12 (27%) la tenían sobre la anemia en MEF. Aunque la situación nutricional en general ha mejorado en los últimos decenios en todos los países de la Región, algunos países de América Latina y el Caribe siguen teniendo una alta prevalencia de retraso del crecimiento y anemia en niños y MEF. El sobrepeso afectaba a por lo menos 50% de las MEF en nueve de los países que poseían datos y estaba aumentando en los niños. En la Región hay pocos datos relativos a los niños en edad escolar, los adolescentes, los hombres adultos y las personas de edad. Conclusiones La situación nutricional en general ha mejorado en los países de América Latina y el Caribe para los cuales se cuenta con información, pero hay que tomar más medidas para incrementar las intervenciones relacionadas de manera tangencial o directa con la nutrición a fin de combatir la desnutrición en todas sus manifestaciones, habida cuenta de que el retraso del crecimiento, la anemia y la carencia de vitamina A siguen siendo problemas de salud pública en muchos países y que el sobrepeso constituye una epidemia. Los sistemas de información nutricional de la Región son pobres y los países tienen que fortalecer su capacidad para vigilar los indicadores de la situación nutricional.

Mapping of nutrition and sectoral policies addressing malnutrition in Latin America / Mapeo de las políticas alimentarias y sectoriales orientadas a combatir la malnutrición en América Latina

ABSTRACT Objective To map existing policies addressing malnutrition in all its forms in Latin America and identify gaps in enabling environments supporting the five priority lines of action outlined in the World Health Organization Comprehensive Implementation Plan on Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition (CIP) approved in 2014. Methods This descriptive study consisted of a systematic Internet search for and mapping of publicly available nutrition-related and sectoral policies already in place to address malnutrition in all its forms in 18 Latin American countries (Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay). The policies were described in documents retrieved from the websites of ministries of health, education, agriculture, labor, and development; the national congress; and other government agencies. Results All 18 countries had relevant policies to address malnutrition, especially undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, but only a few had policies to address overweight and obesity. Nutrition actions were incorporated in food and nutrition security and social protection policies in all 18 countries, and were part of education, environment, agricultural, development, and/or employment policies in some countries. Information on human and financial resources assigned to nutrition was not available through the search strategies used in the study. Conclusions All 18 countries included in this review had established enabling environments to support CIP implementation. However, each of the 18 countries needs to develop integrated policies for the promotion of nutrition and prevention of noncommunicable diseases through cross-sector involvement and multi-stakeholder collaboration.

Resumen Objetivo Hacer un mapeo de las políticas que existen para combatir la malnutrición en todas sus formas en América Latina y encontrar las brechas que pueda haber en los ambientes propicios para la aplicación de las cinco líneas de acción prioritarias descritas en el Plan de aplicación integral sobre nutrición materna, del lactante y del niño pequeño de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, aprobado en el 2014. Métodos El presente estudio descriptivo consistió en una búsqueda sistemática de la Internet y en un mapeo de las políticas nutricionales y sectoriales a disposición del público que ya se han adoptado para combatir el problema de la malnutrición en todas sus formas en 18 países latinoamericanos (Argentina, Belice, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, República Dominicana y Uruguay). Las políticas estaban descritas en diversos documentos que se obtuvieron de los sitios web de los ministerios de salud, educación, agricultura y ganadería, trabajo y desarrollo; del congreso nacional; y de otras dependencias gubernamentales. Resultados Los 18 países tenían políticas para combatir la malnutrición, especialmente la desnutrición y las carencias de micronutrientes, pero solo unos cuantos tenían políticas relativas al sobrepeso y la obesidad. Diversas medidas de tipo alimentario estaban incorporadas en las políticas de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional y en las de protección social en los 18 países, y en algunos países formaban parte de las políticas educativas, medioambientales, agropecuarias, de desarrollo y laborales. No se encontró ninguna información acerca de los recursos humanos y económicos asignados al área de la nutrición mediante las estrategias de búsqueda que se usaron en el estudio. Conclusiones Los 18 países incluidos en esta revisión habían creado ambientes propicios para la puesta en práctica del Plan de aplicación integral sobre nutrición materna, del lactante y del niño pequeño. Sin embargo, cada uno de ellos tiene que formular políticas integradas para la promoción de la buena nutrición y la prevención de las enfermedades no transmisibles mediante la participación intersectorial y la colaboración entre los diversos interesados directos.

Metabolic and phenotypic responses of greenhouse-grown maize hybrids to experimentally controlled drought stress.

Adaptation to abiotic stresses like drought is an important acquirement of agriculturally relevant crops like maize. Development of enhanced drought tolerance in crops grown in climatic zones where drought is a very dominant stress factor therefore plays an essential role in plant breeding. Previous studies demonstrated that corn yield potential and enhanced stress tolerance are associated traits. In this study, we analyzed six different maize hybrids for their ability to deal with drought stress in a greenhouse experiment. We were able to combine data from morphophysiological parameters measured under well-watered conditions and under water restriction with metabolic data from different organs. These different organs possessed distinct metabolite compositions, with the leaf blade displaying the most considerable metabolome changes following water deficiency. Whilst we could show a general increase in metabolite levels under drought stress, including changes in amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, and intermediates of the TCA cycle, these changes were not differential between maize hybrids that had previously been designated based on field trial data as either drought-tolerant or susceptible. The fact that data described here resulted from a greenhouse experiment with rather different growth conditions compared to natural ones in the field may explain why tolerance groups could not be confirmed in this study. We were, however, able to highlight several metabolites that displayed conserved responses to drought as well as metabolites whose levels correlated well with certain physiological traits.

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for protein, tryptophan, and lysine evaluation in quality protein maize (QPM) breeding programs.

Quality protein maize (QPM) has approximately twice the tryptophan (Trp) and lysine (Lys) concentrations in protein compared to normal maize. Because several genetic systems control the protein quality of QPM, it is essential to regularly monitor Trp and/or Lys in breeding programs. Our objective was to examine the potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to enhance the efficiency of QPM research efforts by partially replacing more expensive and time-consuming wet chemistry analysis. More than 276 maize samples were used to develop NIRS models for protein content (PC), Trp, and Lys. The standard error of prediction (SEP) for the calibration and the coefficient of determination for validation (R(2)(v)) were 0.26 and 0.96 for PC, 0.005 and 0.85 for Trp, and 0.02 and 0.75 for Lys. When the NIRS models were used to evaluate 266 S2 lines from five QPM breeding populations, the coefficients of determination between NIRS and the chemical data were 0.94, 0.76, and 0.80 for PC, Trp, and Lys, respectively. Therefore, the NIRS models can be used to support the QPM breeding efforts.